Pelanggaran Berat HAM dalam RUU KUHP: Tinjauan dari Hukum Internasional (Gross Violations of Human Rights in the Criminal Code Bill: an Overview from International Law)
Bernhard Ruben Fritz Sumigar
| Abstract views: 68
| 
views: 27
Abstract
The spirit of the drafter of the Criminal Code Bill (CCB) to fully codify all criminal provisions, including those relating to the gross violations of human rights, into a single legally binding instrument is marked with the inconsistency of its formula with the standard provided in numerous instruments under international law. In light of this situation, this article is presence to discuss legal challenges arising from the stipulation of gross violations of human rights under CCB. By using qualitative and descriptive normative methods, this article finds three fundamental problems between the provisions of CCB and the international legal framework. The problems in question are related to (i) the inaccuracy of the use of the term “Serious Crimes against Human Rights” in CCB, as well as misregulation of (ii) crimes of genocide and (iii) crimes against humanity in CCB with international law. On this basis, this article concludes that the provisions of gross human rights violations in CCB are contrary to the provisions of international law which are binding and applicable to Indonesia, and therefore, this article is prepared to provide recommendations for policymakers to reconsider the formulation of the provisions of gross human rights violations in CCB in order to be compatible with Indonesia’s international obligations to comply with the provisions of international law.
Abstrak
Semangat perumus Rancangan Undang-Undang KUHP (RUU KUHP) untuk melakukan kodifikasi total semua ketentuan pidana, termasuk yang berkaitan dengan pelanggaran berat HAM, ditandai dengan ketidak-konsistenan antara rumusan yang diatur dengan standar dalam sejumlah instrumen hukum internasional. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, artikel ini disusun untuk mendiskusikan tantangan hukum yang akan timbul dari pengaturan tentang pelanggaran berat HAM dalam RUU KUHP. Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif normatif, artikel ini menemukan 3 (tiga) permasalahan antara ketentuan RUU KUHP dan kerangka hukum internasional, yaitu (i) istilah “Tindak Pidana Berat terhadap HAM” yang tidak tepat (ii) kejahatan genosida, dan (iii) kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan. Berdasarkan 6pembahasan, artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketentuan pelanggaran berat HAM dalam RUU KUHP bertentangan dengan ketentuan hukum internasional yang mengikat dan berlaku bagi Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini memberikan rekomendasi bagi pembuat kebijakan untuk merumuskan kembali ketentuan pelanggaran berat HAM dalam RUU KUHP agar sepadan dengan ketentuan hukum internasional.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Jurnal dan Monograf
Dahniar, et al. “Gross Violation of Human Rights in Aceh: Patterns of Violence through the Indonesian Government’s Policy”. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 22. No. 5. 2017.
Ford, Stuart. “Crimes Against Humanity at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia: Is a Connection with Armed Conflict Required?”. Pacific Basin Law Journal. Vol. 24. No. 2. 2007.
Jalloh, Charles Chernor. “What Makes a Crime Against Humanity a Crime Against Humanity”. American University International Law Review. Vol. 28. No. 2. 2013.
Kreß, Claus. “The International Court of Justice and the Elements of the Crime of Genocide”. European Journal of International Law. Vol. 18. No. 4. 2007.
Lippman, Matthew. “Genocide: The Crime of the Century. The Jurisprudence of Death at the Dawn of the New Millenium”. Houston Journal of International Law. Vol. 23. No. 3. 2001.
Liwanga, Roger-Claude. “The Meaning of Gross Violation of Human Rights: A Focus on International Tribunals’ Decisions over the DRC Conflicts”. Denver Journal of International Law and Policy. Vol. 44. No. 67. 2015.
Luban, David. “A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity”. Yale Journal of International Law. Vol. 29. No. 85. 2004.
Moon, Claire. “The Crime of Crimes and the Crime of Criminology: Genocide, Criminology and Darfur”. British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 62. No. 1. 2011.
Roberts, Christopher. “On the Definition of Crimes Against Humanity and Other Widespread or Systematic Human Rights Violations”. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Law and Social Change. Vol. 20. No. 1. 2017.
Robinson, Darryl. “The Draft Convention on Crimes Against Humanity: What to Do with the Definition” dalam Morten Bergsmo dan Song Tianying (eds.). On the Proposed Crimes Against Humanity Convention. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic Epublisher, 2014.
Sadat, Leila Nadya. “Crimes Against Humanity in the Modern Age”. American Journal of International Law. Vol. 107. No. 334. 2013.
Tardu, M.E. “United Nations response to Gross Violations of Human Rights: The 1503 Procedure”. Santa Clara Law Review. Vol. 20. No. 559. 1980.
Van Schaack, Beth. “The Definition of Crimes Against Humanity: Resolving the Incoherence”. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. Vol. 37. No. 787. 1999.
Buku
Abidin, Zainal dan Supriyadi Widodo Eddyono. Degradasi Extraordinary Crimes: Problematika Perumusan Kejahatan Genosida dan Kejahatan Terhadap Kemanusiaan dalam RKUHP. Jakarta: Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR), 2017.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law. 2nd rev. ed. The Hague: Kluwer International, 1999.
CMN. Implementing the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Ratification, Implementation and Co-operation. Brussels: CILRAP, 2017.
Condé, H. Victor. A Handbook of International Human Rights Terminology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Eddyono, Sriwiyanti dan Zainal Abidin, Tindak Pidana Hak Asasi Manusia dalam RKUHP. Jakarta: ELSAM dan Aliansi Nasional Reformasi KUHP. 2007.
Kuper, Leo. Genocide, Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981.
Lemkin, Raphael. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for World Peace, 1944.
Mahkamah Agung RI. Pedoman Unsur-Unsur Tindak Pidana Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia yang Berat dan Pertanggungjawaban Komando. Jakarta: Mahkamah Agung RI, 2006.
Novak, Andrew. The International Criminal Court: An Introduction. Heidelberg: Springer, 2015.
Quiroga, Cecilia Medina. The Battle of Human Rights: Gross, Systematic Violations and the Inter-American System. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1988.
Schabas, William A. An Introductiion to the International Criminal Court. 4th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Schabas, William A. Genocide in International Law: The Crimes of Crimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Sujatmoko, Andrey. Hukum HAM dan Hukum Humaniter. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2015.
Sujatmoko, Andrey. Tanggung Jawab Negara atas Pelanggaran Berat HAM: Indonesia, Timor Leste, dan Lainnya. Jakarta: Grasindo, 2005.
Wiyono, R. Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia di Indonesia. Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Kencana Prenadamedia Group, 2015.
Makalah
Mudzakkir. “Kebijakan Kodifikasi (Total) Hukum Pidana Melalui RUU KUHP dan Antisipasi terhadap Problem Perumusan Hukum Pidana dan Penegakan Hukum Pidana di Masa Datang”. Makalah. Lokakarya Perencanaan Pembangunan Hukum Nasional Perkembangan Hukum Pidana dalam Undang-Undang di Luar KUHP dan Kebijakan Kodifikasi Hukum Pidana. 3-5 November 2010.
Dokumen Organisasi Internasional
Affirmation of the Principles of International Law Recognized by the Charter of the Nuremburg Tribunal. Resolusi Majelis Umum 95 (I). UN Doc. A/64/ Add.1 (1946).
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. 9 Desember 1948. 78 UNTS 277.
PIDS ICC. Understanding the International Criminal Court. ICC Doc. ICC-PIDS-BK-05-003/13. The Hague: ICC, 2013.
Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its forty-eighth session, 6 May-26 July 1996. UN Doc. A/51/10 (1996).
Resolusi Dewan Keamanan 827. UN Doc. S/RES/827 (1993).
Resolusi Dewan Keamanan 955. UN Doc. S/RES/955 (1994).
Resolusi Dewan Keamanan 1315. UN Doc. S/RES/1315 (2000).
Resolusi Dewan Keamanan 1757. UN Doc. S/RES/1757 (2007).
Resolusi Majelis Umum 96/1. UN Doc. A/RES/96/1 (1946).
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. 17 Juli 1998. 2187 UNTS 90.
Van Boven, Theo. Study concerning the right to restitution, compensation and rehabilitation for victims of gross violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Final Report. UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/8 (1993).
Van Boven, Theo. The United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. Introductory Note. 2005.
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23 (1993).
Pustaka dalam Jaringan
Komnas HAM. 5 September 2019. “Komnas HAM Minta Penundaan Pengesahan Draft RKUHP”. https://www.komnasham.go.id/index.php/news/2019/9/5/1133/ komnasham-minta-penundaan-pengesahan-draft-rkuhp.html, diakses tanggal 18 Mei 2020.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
