One Belt One Road (Obor): Agenda Keamanan Liberal Tiongkok?
Yandry Kurniawan
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Abstract
Tulisan ini membahas Inisiatif ‘One Belt, One Road (OBOR)’ yang ditawarkan oleh pemerintah Tiongkok sebagai mekanisme kerja sama multilateral lintas kawasan, yang meliputi Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, Asia Selatan, Asia Barat, Afrika hingga ke Eropa Timur. Inisiatif OBOR ini penting untuk ditelaah melalui berbagai perspektif ilmiah karena merupakan gagasan kerja sama multilateral yang paling ambisius yang pernah ditawarkan oleh satu negara. Dari segi geografis, kerja sama OBOR akan lebih besar dari Uni Eropa dan hanya akan lebih kecil dari Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Namun demikian, sebagian besar kajian terdahulu lebih banyak melihat inisiatif OBOR dengan menggunakan sudut pandang ekonomi-politik, dinamika politik domestik Tiongkok, dan kajian kawasan tanpa mengulas lebih dalam aspek paradigmatik yang mendasari pemikiran dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai pemerintah Tiongkok melalui gagasan ini. Dengan menggunakan sudut pandang pemikiran liberal sebagai kerangka analisis, tulisan ini membingkai inisiatif OBOR sebagai agenda pemerintah Tiongkok untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan stabilitas keamanan di kawasan. Argumen utama dalam tulisan ini adalah stabilitas keamanan kawasan merupakan syarat penting bagi Tiongkok untuk menjaga kebangkitannya dalam kancah politik internasional. Melalui mekanisme multilateral pemerintah Tiongkok pada dasarnya mengajak negara-negara di kawasan untuk terlibat aktif dalam berbagi peran (division of labor) dalam menjaga dan meningkatkan stabilitas kawasan dengan kerja sama ekonomi sebagai sektor penjuru.
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