Sains sebagai Sumber Soft Power Indonesia [Science as a Source of Soft Power for Indonesia]
Ary Aprianto
| Abstract views: 292
| 
views: 181
Abstract
The role of science in national development and solving global challenges has been recognized by various actors. States have also employed science as a source of soft power. However, science as a source of soft power is not popular in Indonesia. Scientific articles on the interaction between science and foreign policy are also minimal. Perhaps the fact that Indonesia’s science world still needs plenty of improvement is the reason behind this gap. This article discusses the possibility of exploring science as a source of soft power for Indonesia, utilizing qualitative research method and Geun Lee’s resource-based theory of soft power. The article concludes that science can and should be used as a source of soft power for Indonesia to support its strategic development goals, given the significant contribution of science to development in the digital era.
Abstrak
Peran sains dalam pembangunan nasional dan memecahkan beragam masalah global telah diakui banyak pihak. Sudah banyak negara yang memanfaatkan sains sebagai salah satu sumber soft power. Namun demikian, sains sebagai salah satu sumber soft power belum banyak dikenal di Indonesia. Tulisan ilmiah mengenai interaksi antara sains dengan politik luar negeri pun minim. Masih banyaknya hal yang perlu dibenahi dalam dunia sains nasional dapat menjadi latar belakang situasi ini. Tulisan ini mendiskusikan dapat atau tidaknya sains dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber soft power Indonesia, dengan memanfaatkan metode kualitatif dan “resource-based theory of soft power” dari Geun Lee. Disimpulkan bahwa sains dapat dan harus dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber soft power Indonesia untuk mendukung tercapainya tujuan strategis pembangunan, mengingat besarnya kontribusi sains dalam era digital.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)References
Adioetomo, Sri Moertiningsih dan Ghazy Mujahid. Indonesia on the Threshold of Population Ageing. Jakarta: UNFPA Indonesia, 2014.
Antares, R, “Asing Dominasi Pengajuan Hak Paten di Indonesia”, Tagar News, 21 Januari 2019, diakses 7 Agustus 2019, https://www.tagar.id/asing-dominasi-pengajuan-hak-paten-di-indonesia.
Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. “Foreign Policy, Islam, and Democracy in Indonesia”, Journal of Indonesian Social Sciences and Humanities 3 (2010): 37-54.
Australian Government. 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper. Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017.
Bateman, Sam. “Building Cooperation for Managing the South China Sea Without Strategic Trust”, Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 4, Nomor 2 (Mei 2017) 251-259.
Bisnis.com, “Kementeristekdikti Sebut Belanja Riset Indonesia Rp 30,8 Triliun”, Bisnis.com, 16 Februari 2019, diakses 13 Agustus 2019, https://kabar24.bisnis.com/read/20190216/79/889555/kemenristekdikti-sebut-belanja-riset-indonesia-rp308-triliun.
Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO. The Global Innovation Index 2019: Creating Healthy Lives – the Future of Medical Innovation. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2019.
Creswell, John W. dan J. David Creswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. London: Sage Publications, 2018.
Detiknews, “Sidang Umum IAEA ke-58: RI Raih Penghargaan Tertinggi Iptek Nuklir”, Detiknews, 25 September 2014, diakses 14 Agustus 2019, https://news.detik.com/berita/2700380/sidang-umum-iaea-ke-58-ri-raih-penghargaan-tertinggi-iptek-nuklir/2.
Flink, Tim dan Ulrich Schreiterer. “Science diplomacy at the intersection of S&T and foreign affairs: Toward a typology of national approach”, Science and Public Policy, (Maret 2010) 655-677.
Gluckman, Peter D., Sthephen L. Goldson, dan Alan S. Beedle. ”How a small country can use science diplomacy: A view from New Zealand”, Science Diplomacy, 24 Mei 2012, diakses 2 Agustus 2019, http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/how-small-country-can-use-science-diplomacy.
Hajjar, David, Joshua Richardson, dan Kimberly Coleman. “Role of Diplomacy in Advancing Global Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Policies in the 21st Century”, Journal of Diplomacy and International Sciences 16, No. 2 (Musim Semi/Panas 2015) 93-100.
Herningtyas, Ratih. “Penanggulangan Bencana Sebagai Soft Power Dalam Diplomasi Indonesia”, Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 3, No. 1 (2014): 85-92.
Indana, Wanda, “Anggaran Riset Indonesia Hanya 0,07% dari GDP”, Medcom.id, 16 September 2014, diakses 13 Agustus 2019, https://www.medcom.id/ekonomi/mikro/aNre03aK-anggaran-riset-indonesia-hanya-0-07-dari-gdp.
Institute for Development of Economics and Finance. Menuju Ekonomi Digital yang Inklusif: Perspektif Gender, Regional, dan Sektoral, 13 Agustus 2019, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://indef.or.id/research/detail/menuju-ekonomi-digital-yang-inklusif-perspektif-gender-regional-dan-sektoral.
The Jakarta Post, “Not even mediocre? Indonesian students score low in math, reading, science: PISA report”, The Jakarta Post, 4 Desember 2019, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/12/04/not-even-mediocre-indonesian-students-score-low-in-math-reading-science-pisa-report.html.
The Jakarta Post, “RI Predicted to be High Income Country by 2045”, The Jakarta Post, 9 Januari 2019, diakses 4 Februari 2020, https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/09/ri-predicted-be-high-income-country-2045.html.
Karsidi, Asep. dkk, ed. NKRI Dari Masa ke Masa. Bogor: Sains Press, 2013.
Karsidi, Asep. “Peran Badan Informasi Geospasial Dalam Penataan Batas Wilayah”. Di NKRI Dari Masa ke Masa. Asep Karsidi, dkk, ed. Bogor: Sains Press, 2013.
Kementerian Luar Negeri. Diplomasi Ekonomi, IAID 2019 Hasilkan Kesepakatan Bisnis Senilai 822 juta USD, 22 Agustus 2019, Siaran Pers, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/542/berita/diplomasi-ekonomi-iaid-2019-hasilkan-kesepakatan-bisnis-senilai-822-juta-usd.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, “Komitmen Indonesia Dalam Pengendalian Perubahan Iklim”, Knowledge Centre Perubahan Iklim, tidak bertanggal, diakses 6 Agustus 2019, http://ditjenppi.menlhk.go.id/kcpi/index.php/tentang/amanat-perubahan-iklim/komitmen-indonesia.
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi, “474 Lembaga Riset Tanpa Koordinasi”, Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Lembaga Layanan Pendidikan Tinggi Wilayah XII, 25 Oktober 2011, diakses 10 Agustus 2019, http://lldikti12.ristekdikti.go.id/2011/10/26/474-lembaga-riset-tanpa-koordinasi.html.
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi, “Batan satu-satunya institusi di dunia yang jadi 2 pusat kolaborasi IAEA”, Kemenristekditi, 17 Agustus 2018, diakses 14 Agustus 2019, https://www.ristekdikti.go.id/info-iptek-dikti/batan-satu-satunya-institusi-di-dunia-yang-jadi-2-pusat-kolaborasi-iaea/.
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi, “Tingkatkan Kualitas Publikasi Ilmiah Dengan Meningkatkan Jumlah Artikel di Jurnal Bereputasi Internasional, Bukan Proceeding”, Siaran Pers Kemenristekdikti, 24 Oktober 2019, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://www.ristekbrin.go.id/kabar/kemenristekdikti-tingkatkan-kualitas-publikasi-ilmiah-dengan-meningkatkan-jumlah-artikel-di-jurnal-bereputasi-internasional-bukan-proceeding/.
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi, “Indonesia Harus Meningkatkan Produktivitas Paten Jika Ingin Menjadi Negara Maju”, Berita Kegiatan Kemenristekdikti, 26 Juni 2019, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://risbang.ristekdikti.go.id/publikasi/berita-kegiatan/indonesia-harus-meningkatkan-produktivitas-paten-jika-ingin-menjadi-negara-maju/.
Laksmana, Evan A. “Foreign Policy Implications of Jakarta’s Elections”, The Jakarta Post, 7 Juni 2017.
Lee, Geun. “A Theory of Soft Power and Korea’s Soft Power Strategy”, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 21, No. 2 (Juni 2009): 205-218.
Lee, Geun. “A Soft Power Approach to the Korean Wave”, The Review of Korean Studies 12, No. 2 (Juni 2009): 123-137.
Lee, Geun. China’s Soft Power and Changing Balance of Power in Asia, Paper presented at a Center for US-Korea Policy Workshop, Agustus 2010, diakses 8 Februari 2020, https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/7.LEEGeun.pdf.
Lee, Geun. “The Clash of Soft Power Between China and Japan: Synergy and Dilemmas at the Six-Party Talks”, Asian Perspective 34, No. 2 (2010): 113-139.
Lee, Geun. “East Asian Soft Power and East Asian Governance”, Journal of International and Area Studies 16, No. 1 (2009): 53-65.
Lee, Shin-Wha. “The Theory and Reality of Soft Power: Practical Approaches in East Asia”. Di Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in Asia. Sook Jong Lee dan Jan Melissen, ed. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011.
Lestari, Okky Wanda, “Kejar Ketertinggalan, Anggaran Riset Harus Ditingkatkan Jadi 2%”, Okenews, 1 Maret 2019, diakses 13 Agustus 2019, https://news.okezone.com/read/2019/03/01/65/2024486/kejar-ketertinggalan-anggaran-riset-harus-ditingkatkan-jadi-2.
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, “Diplomasi Sains Amankan Kepentingan NKRI”, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 21 Maret 2018, diakses 5 Agustus 2019, http://lipi.go.id/lipimedia/Diplomasi-Sains-Amankan-Kepentingan-NKRI/20057.
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, “Mengkomunikasikan Sains Lewat Diplomasi dan Temu Industri” (Siaran Pers), Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 22 Oktober 2019, diakses 30 Januari 2019, http://lipi.go.id/siaranpress/mengkomunikasikan-sains-lewat-diplomasi-dan-temu-industri/21822.
Lune, Howard dan Bruce L. Berg. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. Essex, England: Pearson Education Limited, 2017.
McKinsey Global Institute. The Archipelago Economy: Unleashing Indonesia’s Potential. New York: McKinsey Global Institute, 2012.
Media Indonesia, “Ekonomi Digital Bisa Menjadi Andalan Daya Tarik Investasi”, Media Indonesia, 12 Maret 2019, diakses 5 Februari 2020, https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/222209-ekonomi-digital-bisa-menjadi-andalan-daya-tarik-investasi.
Muhammad, Bening Tirta. “Urgensi Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional”, Media Indonesia¸29 November 2019, diakses 10 Februari 2020, https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/274551-urgensi-badan-riset-dan-inovasi-nasional.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. The Future of Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2011.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power”, Foreign Policy 80 (Musim gugur 1990) 153-171.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power and American Foreign Policy”, Political Science Quarterly 119, No. 2 (Juni 2004) 255-270.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “The Changing Nature of World Power”, Political Science Quarterly 105, No. 2 (Musim Panas 1990): 177-192.
Ohnesorge, Hendrik W. Soft Power: The Forces of Attraction in International Relations. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020.
Patalakh, Artem. “Assessment of Soft Power Strategies: Towards an Aggregative Analytical Model for Country-focused Case Study Research”, Croatian International Relations Review 22, No. 76 (2016): 85-112.
Patman, Robert G. dan Lloyd S. Davis. “Science Diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific Region: A Mixed but Promising Experience”, Politics and Policy 45, No. 4 (Oktober 2017): 862-878.
Pernyataan Pers Tahunan Menteri Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019.
Perutusan Tetap Republik Indonesia untuk PBB di Jenewa, “Indonesia raih 4 predikat champions di bidang IT pada forum PBB”, Kementerian Luar Negeri, 10 April 2019, diakses 14 Agustus 2019, https://kemlu.go.id/portal/id/read/177/berita/indonesia-raih-4-predikat-champions-di-bidang-it-pada-forum-pbb.
Pidato Pelantikan Presiden RI pada Sidang Paripurna MPR RI, 20 Oktober 2019, https://jeo.kompas.com/naskah-lengkap-pidato-presiden-joko-widodo-dalam-pelantikan-periode-2019-2024.
Pidato Presiden Joko Widodo saat peresmian pembukaan Rapat Kerja Kepala Perwakilan Republik Indonesia dengan Kementerian Luar Negeri, 9 Januari 2020, https://setpres.setneg.go.id/transkrip/peresmian-pembukaan-rapat-kerja-kepala-perwakilan-republik-indonesia-dengan-kementerian-luar-negeri/.
Pohl, Hans dan Said Irandous. “Indonesia a Rapidly Growing Research Country”, The Jakarta Post, 10 Januari 2020, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/01/10/indonesia-a-rapidly-growing-research-country.html.
Portland dan US Centre for Public Diplomacy. The Soft Power 30. Washington DC: Portland PR, 2018.
PricewaterhouseCoopers. The Long View: How will the global economic order change by 2050?. London: PwC, 2017.
Putra, Yudha Manggala P., “LIPI: Diplomasi Sains Belum Tersentuh Kebijakan Luar Negeri”, Republika.co.id., 12 Maret 2018, diakses 5 Agustus 2018, https://republika.co.id/berita/pendidikan/eduaction/p5gt92284/lipi-diplomasi-sains-belum-tersentuh-kebijakan-luar-negeri.
The Royal Society. New Frontiers in Science Diplomacy. London: the Royal Society Science Policy Centre, 2010.
Saiman, Arifi. “Islam Nusantara: a soft power policy”, The Jakarta Post, 18 Februari 2019, diakses 2 Februari 2020, https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2019/02/18/islam-nusantara-a-soft-power-diplomacy.html.
Seth, Nikhil. “The Changing Face of Diplomacy and the Enhanced Role of Science Diplomacy in the Post-2015 World”, Science Diplomacy, 19 Juni 2019, diakses 2 Agustus 2019, http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2019/changing-face-diplomacy-and-enhanced-role-science-diplomacy-in-post-2015-world.
Sheany, “South China Sea Workshop Aims to Manage Potential Conflicts in Disputed Waters”, Jakarta Globe, 16 November 2017, diakses 6 Agustus 2019, https://jakartaglobe.id/context/south-china-sea-workshop-aims-to-manage-potential-conflicts-in-disputed-waters/.
Soesilowati, Sartika. “Diplomasi Soft Power Indonesia Melalui Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan”, Jurnal Global Strategis 9, No. 2 (2015): 293-308.
Sukma, Rizal. “Soft Power and Diplomacy: The Case of Indonesia”. Di Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in Asia. Sook Jong Lee dan Jan Melissen, ed. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011.
Sulistyo, Eko. “Deklarasi Djuanda dan Visi Mochtar Kusumaatmadja”, Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia, 14 Desember 2018, diakses 6 Agustus 2019, https://setkab.go.id/deklarasi-djuanda-dan-visi-mochtar-kusumaatmadja/.
Swanborough, Jahda. “Humanity’s most existential risks are getting worse. Here’s a major reason why”, World Economic Forum, 19 Januari 2018, diakses 8 Agustus 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/humanity-s-most-existential-risks-are-getting-worse-heres-why/.
Temasek. “e-Conomy SEA 2019: 4 Things to Know About Southeast Asia’s Internet Economy”, Temasek, 3 Oktober 2019, diakses 9 Februari 2020, https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/news-and-views/stories/future/southeast-asia-internet-economy-2019.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Science Report: Towards 2030. Luxembourg: Impremerie Centrale, 2016.
United Nations. Digital Economy Report 2019. New York, United Nations Publications, 2019.
Vasilevskyte, Simona. “Discussing Soft Power Theory After Nye: The Case of Geun Lee’s Theoretical Approach”, Regionines Studijos 7 (2013) 145-157.
Wibowo, Tri. “Ketimpangan Pendapatan dan Middle Income Trap”, Kajian Ekonomi Keuangan 20, No. 2 (Agustus 2016): 111-132.
World Trade Organization. The Future of World Trade: How Digital Technologies Are Transforming Global Commerce. Geneva: WTO Publications, 2018.
Wuryandari, Ganewati. “Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia: Refleksi dan Prediksi 10 Tahun”, Jurnal Penelitian Politik Vol. 5, Nomor 1 (2008) 59-72.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
