Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Perempuan dan Upah Riil: Analisis Tingkat Provinsi di Indonesia [Female Labour Force Participation Rate and Real Wage: Provincial-Level Analysis in Indonesia]
Siti Rogayah
| Abstract views: 0
| 
views: 0
Abstract
This research explores the relationship between two essential aspects of economic development, namely the Female Labour Force Participation (FLFP) rate and the hourly real wage growth in Indonesia. Using the GLS-Random Effect Regression Method for panel data applied to Sakernas, Susenas, and RGDP Data for 2002-2018 in 30 provinces, this research finds out that when FLFP in Indonesia keeps increasing over time, the hourly real wage drops. This is thought to occur allegedly because most female workers in Indonesia work in business fields with a low level of productivity, which causes the labour supply line of the labour supply curve to shift to the right, which means that the real wage point shifts to a lower level. Both female workers and male workers have experienced this reduction in the hourly real wage. Based on this finding, this research recommends that an effort to increase female workers’ participation should be followed by a variety of more qualified jobs qualification for them. Also, some policies are needed to encourage the creation of wider job opportunities for women, especially in business fields with high productivity levels, and to eliminate various work barriers, both domestic and external, that would hinder female entry into the labour market.
Keywords: female labour force participation, labour supply, hourly real wage, panel data regression
Abstrak
Studi ini menganalisis hubungan antara dua aspek penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi, yaitu Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja Perempuan (TPAKP) dan tingkat upah riil per jam di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan metode regresi data panel GLS-efek acak pada data Sakernas, Susenas, dan PDRB dalam kurun waktu 2002-2018 di 30 provinsi, ditemukan bahwa peningkatan TPAKP di Indonesia justru menyebabkan tingkat upah riil per jam menurun. Hal ini diduga terjadi karena mayoritas pekerja perempuan di Indonesia bekerja pada lapangan usaha yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas rendah sehingga membuat garis pasokan pekerja pada kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dan upah riil bergeser ke arah kanan yang bermakna terjadinya pergeseran titik upah riil ke tingkat yang lebih rendah. Penurunan tingkat upah riil per jam ini dialami baik oleh para pekerja perempuan maupun para pekerja laki-laki. Berdasarkan hasil temuan ini, maka studi ini merekomendasikan agar usaha peningkatan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan sebaiknya diikuti dengan ragam pekerjaan yang lebih bermutu bagi mereka. Selain itu, diperlukan suatu kebijakan untuk mendorong terciptanya kesempatan kerja yang lebih luas bagi para perempuan khususnya pada lapangan usaha dengan tingkat produktivitas yang tinggi, dan suatu kebijakan guna menghilangkan pelbagai hambatan kerja, baik berupa hambatan domestik maupun eksternal, yang kiranya dapat menghambat kesempatan masuknya para perempuan ke pasar tenaga kerja.
Kata kunci: tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan, kurva penawaran tenaga kerja, upah riil per jam, regresi data panel
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Buku:
BPS. (2018). Keadaan angkatan kerja di Indonesia Agustus 2018. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
BPS. (2020). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2020. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
Borjas, G.J. (2016). Labor economics (7th ed., Vol. 43). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Mankiw, N.G. (2013). Macroeconomics, 8th ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., & Macpherson, D.A. (2017). Contemporary labor economics. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill Education.
Wooldridge, J.M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data, 2nd ed. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Wooldridge, J.M. (2016). Introductory econometrics: a modern approach, 6th ed. Mason, USA: South-Western, Cengage Learning.
Jurnal dan Working Paper:
Acemoglu, D., Autor, D.H., & Lyle, D. (2004). Women, war, and wages: The effect of female labor supply on the wage structure at midcentury. Journal of Political Economy, 112(3), 497-551.
Agénor, P.R., & Canuto, O. (2015). Gender equality and economic growth in Brazil: A long-run analysis. Journal of Macroeconomics, 43, 155–172.
Allen, E.R. (2016). Analysis of trends and challenges in the Indonesian Labor Market. Asian Development Bank (ADB) Papers on Indonesia No. 16.
Appiah, E.N. (2018). Growth in developing countries. Global Journal of Human-Social Sciende: Economics, 18(2), 1-6.
Bellou, A., & Cardia, E. (2018). Great depression and the rise of female employment: A new hypothesis. IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. 120204.
Cascio, E. U., Haider, S. J., & Nielsen, H. S. (2015). The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children: A collection of national studies. IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. 9297.
Cubas, G. (2016). Distortions, infrastructure, and female labor supply in developing countries. European Economic Review, 87, 194–215.
Flabbi, L., Macis, M., Moro, A., & Schivardi, F. (2019). Do female executives make a difference? The impact of female leadership on gender gaps and firm performance. The Economic Journal, 129(622), 2390-2423.
Gaddis, I. & Klasen, S. (2014). Economic development, structural change, and women’s labor force participation: A reexamination of the feminization U hypothesis. Journal of Population Economics, 27(3), 639-681.
Hassan, S. & Rafaz, N. (2017). The role of female education in economic growth of Pakistan: A time series analysis from 1990-2016. International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development, 3(5), 83-93.
Haq, U., & Amin, A. (2017). The role of working women in poverty reduction (A case study of district peshawar). The Dialogue, 12(2), 110-134.
Ma, L. (2014). Economic crisis and women’s labour force return after childbirth: Evidence from South Korea. Demographic Research, 31, 511-552.
Mawadah, S. (2017). Kurva penawaran tenaga kerja dan jam kerja perempuan. Jurnal Studi Gender, 12(3), 357-370.
Noveda, D., Aimon, H., & Syofyan, E. (2015). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran dan permintaan tenaga kerja di Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi, 3(6).
Pleic, M. & Berry, A. (2009). Employment and economic growth: A review of employment elasticities. Human Sciences Research Council, (April).
Schaner, S., & Das, S, (2016). Female labor force participation in Asia: Indonesia country study. ADB Economics Working Paper, 474.
Verick, S. (2014). Female labor force participation in developing countries. IZA World of Labor, 87, 1-10.
Verme, P. (2014). Economic development and female labor participation in the middle east and North Africa : A test of the U-shape hypothesis. Policy Research Working Paper; No. 6927.
Weinstein, A.L. (2017). Working women in the city and urban wage growth in the United States. Journal of Regional Science, 57(4), 591-610.
Tesis:
Jahnke, C. M. (1998). The effect of increases in labor supply on real wages. Master Theses, Eastern Illinois University, Illinois, MA.
Laporan:
World Bank. (2019). Indonesia economic quarterly, December 2019: Investing in people. World Bank, Washingtion, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33033 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
