Peranan Modal Sosial Dalam Pengurangan Kemiskinan Rumah Tangga di Perdesaan Indonesia
Ahmadriswan Nasution
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Abstract
Kebijakan pengurangan kemiskinan di Indonesia cenderung mengandalkan pendekatan ekonomi, seperti pembangunan infrastruktur (modal fisik), bantuan kredit (modal keuangan), dan bantuan pendidikan dan kesehatan (modal manusia). Padahal, kemiskinan merupakan persoalan yang kompleks, melibatkan banyak sumber daya termasuk modal sosial. Penelitian ini menganalisis peran modal sosial terhadap kemiskinan rumah tangga perdesaan di Indonesia. Modal sosial diukur berdasarkan indeks dimensi modal sosial (saling percaya, norma, gotong royong, partisipasi dalam kegiatan sosial, dan jejaring sosial), sedangkan kemiskinan diukur dengan pengeluaran per kapita rumah tangga. Metode analisis menggunakan model regresi linier berganda pada sampel sebanyak 40.474 rumah tangga. Adapun sumber data dari hasil survei berskala nasional yang dilakukan oleh BPS, yaitu Susenas tahun 2012 dan Podes tahun 2011. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata indeks modal sosial rumah tangga di perdesaan sebesar 52,18 (maksimum 100). Adapun komponen yang paling berperan dalam pembentukan modal sosial rumah tangga miskin adalah rasa saling percaya. Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial bersama-sama dengan modal manusia, modal keuangan, dan modal fisik memberikan efek positif terhadap pengeluaran per kapita rumah tangga, sehingga dapat mengurangi kemiskinan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial berperan penting dalam pengurangan kemiskinan di perdesaan. Pemerintah dan pihak terkait diharapkan membuat kebijakan yang memfasilitasi pengembangan modal sosial dalam upaya pengurangan kemiskinan di perdesaan Indonesia.
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