Kebijakan Respons Indonesia terhadap Problematika Teroris-Kombatan Transnasional Pasca Bom Bali 2002 [Indonesia’s Policy Response to Foreign Terrorist Fighter Problem In Post-2002 Bali Bombings]
Ali Abdullah Wibisono
| Abstract views: 260
| 
views: 228
Abstract
Indonesia's response to the problem of foreign terrorist fighters has changed from time to time. From the New Order era until the beginning of the reform period, tolerant attitude was applied. However, in the reform era, Indonesia's response changed from a humanitarian-based to prudence-based attitude. This article applies the theoretical mapping of counter-terrorism by David Crelinsten and explains that this change is not only due to perceptions of the potential threat of combatants returning to their homeland, but also the readiness of social reintegration and de-radicalization programs, adherence to international regimes, and domestic political processes. In addition to getting data on the dynamics and number of Indonesian combatants from mass media and journal articles, this article also processes data derived from proceedings of the revision of the anti-terrorism law passed in 2018. Indonesia's attitude towards the current problem of transnational terrorist- combatants is high selectivity, not total rejection or revocation of citizenship. Successful social reintegration for former combatants -- domestic and transnational -- remains a challenge to be addressed ahead.
Abstrak
Respons Indonesia terhadap problematika teroris-kombatan transnasional mengalami perubahan dari masa ke masa. Di era orde baru hingga awal masa reformasi, sikap toleran diterapkan. Sementara itu, di era reformasi respons Indonesia berubah dari sikap humaniter menjadi kehati-hatian. Artikel ini menerapkan pemetaan teoretik kontra-terorisme dari David Crelinsten dan menjelaskan bahwa perubahan ini tak hanya diakibatkan persepsi terhadap potensi ancaman kombatan yang kembali ke tanah air, tapi juga kesiapan program reintegrasi sosial dan deradikalisasi, kepatuhan kepada rezim internasional, dan proses politik domestik. Selain mendapatkan data tentang dinamika dan jumlah kombatan Indonesia dari media massa dan artikel-artikel jurnal, artikel ini juga mengolah data yang berasal dari prosiding revisi undang-undang anti-terorisme yang disahkan tahun 2018. Sikap Indonesia terhadap problematika teroris-kombatan transnasional saat ini adalah selektivitas tinggi, bukan penolakan total atau pencabutan kewarganegaraan. Kurangnya kemampuan untuk melakukan reintegrasi sosial bagi mantan kombatan, domestik maupun transnasional, menandai pekerjaan rumah yang masih tersisa. Penolakan pemerintah untuk memfasilitasi repatriasi tidak berarti penolakan total terhadap kepulangan semua teroris-kombatan transnasional, sehingga kepulangan individual dengan fasilitasi mandiri masih dimungkinkan. Penolakan ini merefleksikan keterbatasan kemampuan pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk merehabilitasi dan mereintegrasikan para teroris-kombatan, ketimbang reaksi terhadap potensi ancaman teroris-kombatan transnasional.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDF (Bahasa Indonesia)References
Abuza, Zachary. “The Strategic and Tactical Implications of the Islamic State on Southeast Asia’s Militant Groups.” Georgetown Journal of Asian Affair, no. Fall (2016): 20–30.
Anindya, Chaula Rininta. “The Deradicalisation Programme for Indonesian Deportees : A Vacuum in Coordination.” Journal for Deradicalization, no. 18 (2019): 217–43.
Argomaniz, Javier, Oldrich Bures, and Christian Kaunert. “A Decade of EU Counter-Terrorism and Intelligence: A Critical Assessment.” Intelligence and National Security 30, no. 2–3 (2015): 191–206.
Bakker, Edwin, and Roel de Bont. “Belgian and Dutch Jihadist Foreign Fighters (2012–2015): Characteristics, Motivations, and Roles in the War in Syria and Iraq.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 27, no. 5 (2016): 837–57.
Benmelech, Efraim, and Esteban F. Klor. “What Explains the Flow of Foreign Fighters to ISIS?” Terrorism and Political Violence 00, no. 00 (2018): 1–24.
Bures, Oldrich. “EU’s Response to Foreign Fighters: New Threat, Old Challenges?” Terrorism and Political Violence 00, no. 00 (2018): 1–18.
Byman, Daniel. “How States Exploit Jihadist Foreign Fighters.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 0, no. 0 (2017): 1–15.
———. “The Homecomings: What Happens When Arab Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria Return?” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 38, no. 8 (2015): 581–602.
Carnegie, Paul J. “Is Militant Islamism a Busted Flush in Indonesia?” Journal of Terrorism Research 4, no. 2 (2013): 14–25.
Commonwealth Secretariat. “Counter-Terrorism: Measures to Fight against the Foreign Terrorist Fighter Phenomenon and the Use of ICT for the Recruitment of Terrorists.” Commonwealth Law Bulletin 43, no. 3–4 (2017): 456–70.
Cragin, R. Kim, and Susan Stipanovich. “Metastases: Exploring the Impact of Foreign Fighters in Conflicts Abroad.” Journal of Strategic Studies 42, no. 3–4 (2019): 395–424.
Crelinsten, R.D. “Analysing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism : A Communication Model.” Terrorism and Political Violence 14, no. 2 (2002): 77–122.
Dongen, T. W. van. “Break It down: An Alternative Approach to Measuring Effectiveness in Counterterrorism.” Journal of Applied Security Research 6, no. 3 (2011): 357–71.
Eddyono, Supriyadi Widodo, and Ajeng Gandini Kamilah. “Sikap Fraksi DPR Dan Revisi UU Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme: Memetakan Usulan Fraksi-Fraksi DPR Dalam Daftar Inventaris Masalah (DIM) RUU Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme.” Jakarta: ICJR, 2017.
Fitriani, Alif Satria, Pricilia Putri, Nirmala Sari, and Rebekha Adriana. “The Current State of Terrorism in Indonesia: Vulnerable Groups, Networks, and Responses.” CSIS Working Paper Series, 2018, 19.
Islami, Nurfarahislinda M, Vidia Arianti, and Jennifer Yang Hui. “The Surprise Verdict: The Proscription of Jemaah Islamiyah.” RSIS Commentary, no. 19 June (2008).
Johnson, Kirk A. “The Longue Duree: Indonesia’s Response to the Threat of Jihadist Terrorism 1998-2016.” Naval Postgraduate School, 2016.
K. Webb, Adam. “‘Swanning Back in’? Foreign Fighters and the Long Arm of the State.” Citizenship Studies 21, no. 3 (2017): 291–308.
Kamilah, Ajeng Gandini, Siti Hardiyani, and Supriyadi Widodo Eddyono. “Pembahasan RUU Terorisme Di Panitia Khusus (Pansus) Komisi I DPR RI.” Jakarta: ICJR, 2016.
Kementerian Hukum dan HAM. Peraturan Bersama Ketua Mahkamah Agung, Menteri Luar Negeri, Kepala Kepolisian Negara, Kepala Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme, Dan Kepala Pusat Pelaporan Dan Analisis Transaksi Keuangan Nomor 01/PB/MA/II/2015, 03, 1, B.66/K.BNPT/2/2015 Dan Nomor 0, Pub. L. No. 1/PB/MA/II/2015, 03, 1, B.66/K.BNPT/2/2015 & 01/1.02/PPATK/2/2015 (2015).
Malet, David, and Rachel Hayes. “Foreign Fighter Returnees: An Indefinite Threat?” Terrorism and Political Violence 00, no. 00 (2018): 1–19.
Marone, Francesco. “Ties That Bind: Dynamics of Group Radicalisation in Italy’s Jihadists Headed for Syria and Iraq.” International Spectator 52, no. 3 (2017): 48–63.
Milla, Mirra Noor, and Djamaludin Ancok. “The Impact of Leader-Follower Interactions on the Radicalization of Terrorists: A Case Study of the Bali Bombers.” Asian Journal of Social Psychology 16, no. 2 (June 3, 2013): 92–100.
Nainggolan, Poltak Partogi. “Kekhalifahan ISIS Di Asia Tenggara, Sekedar Wacana Atau Realitas.” Politica 8, no. 2 (2017): 205–30.
Rahmah, Unaesah. “Returning Indonesian IS Women and Children : What ’ s Next ?” Singapore: RSIS, 2019.
Ramakrishna, Kumar. “The Growth of ISIS Extremism in Southeast Asia: Its Ideological and Cognitive Features—and Possible Policy Responses.” New England Journal of Public Policy 29, no. 1 (2017).
Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang No. 5/2018 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang No.15/2003 tentang Penetapan PERPU No.1/2002 Menjadi Undang-Undang (2018).
Solahudin & Dave McRae. The Roots of Terrorism in Indonesia: From Darul Islam to Jema’ah Islamiyah. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2011.
The Habibie Center. “Countering Vulnerability to Human Trafficking in Violent Extremism in Southeast Asia: A Case of Indonesia,” 2018.
UNSC. “Resolution 2178 (2014) on Foreign Fighters” 2178, no. September (2014).
UNSC Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive DIrectorate (CTED). “The Challenge of Returning and Relocating Foreign Terrorist Fighters: Research Perspectives,” n.d., 1–20.
Vaughn, Bruce, Emma Chanlett-Avery, Thomas Lum, Mark Manyin, and Larry Niksch. Terrorism in Southeast Asia. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
Wibisono, Ali Abdullah. “Fundamental Issues in Counterterrorism.” The Jakarta Post. January 2016.
Wright, Christopher J. “Sometimes They Come Back: Responding to American Foreign Fighter Returnees and Other Elusive Threats.” Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 0, no. 0 (2018): 1–16.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
