MENGAPA KONFLIK BERULANG TERJADI DI KOTA AMBON? TINJAUAN DEMOGRAFI DAN KEAMANAN ATAS KONFLIK HORIZONTAL PERKOTAAN

Poltak Partogi Nainggolan
| Abstract views: 382 | views: 720

Abstract

Riots in Ambon often recurred within short intervals since the last 2001 protracted horizontal conflict. Many attempted to partially analyze these phenomena by focusing only the trigger of the riots such as individual crimes and bad police behavior, ignoring to discuss the cause of the conflicts from their roots, namely the demographic factors, such as population growth and its density and interactions. Early data collection of this research was conducted in Jakarta and local libraries and central statistic bureau. Its analysis uses a qualitative method, and its research report was made based on an analytical-descriptive direction. This research reveals that the current structure of Ambonese population, segregation, and development malfunction create a sufficient condition for re-emergence of new social conflict in the city. The cause of these are the absence of the city government’s interventions with its policies in controlling and restructuring the population growth and eliminating both the long-existed segregation and the development malfunction. Applying a combination of security studies and urban sociology approaches becomes relevance, and also, fruitful in this research.

Full Text:

Untitled

References

Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf, Trans. Ralph Meinheim, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971: 643.

Aditjondro, George Junus. “Notes on the Jihad forces in Maluku.” July 2000.Http://www.angelfire.com/rock/hotburrito/laskar/aditjondro500.html, diakses pada 5 Mei 2010.

“Ambon kembali membara, darah kembali tumpah di Desa Pelauw,” arrahmah.com, 11 Februari 2012, diakses pada 27 Agustus 2012.

Andi Muh. Darlis, Konflik Komunal: Studi dan Rekonsiliasi Konflik Poso,Yogyakarta: Buku Litera, 2012.

“Banjir Bandang Ambon Tewaskan 130 Jiwa,” TribunNews.com, 9 Agsutus 2012, diakses pada 27 Agustus 2012.

Buzan, Barry. People, State, and Fear. Sussex: Wheatsheaf, 1983.

Buzan, Barry dan Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, dan Jaap de Wilde, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, London: Lynne Rienner, 1998.

Chaider S. Bamualim (Eds.), Communal Conflicts in Contemporary Indonesia, Jakarta: UIN, KAS, 2002.

”Darurat Sipil di Maluku, Lalu Apa.” Majalah Tempo, 9 July 2000.

Elly M. Setiadi dan Usman Kolip, Pengantar Sosiologi: Pemahaman Fakta dan Gejala Permasalahan Sosial: Teori, Aplikasi, dan Pemecahannya, Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group, 2011.

“Enam Wakil Laskar Jihad Bertemu Presiden.” Harian Kompas, 7 April 2000.

FitzRoy, Felix R dan Elissaios Papyrakis. An Introduction to Climate Change, Economics and Policy. UK: Earthscan, 2010.

Friedman, Thomas L. Hot, Flat, and Crowded, Jakarta: Gramedia, 2009.

Galpin, Richard. “Army Accused over Moluccas Conflict.” BBC News, July 17, 2000.

Gupta, Joyeeta. The Climate Change Convention and Developing Countries: From Con flict to Consensus, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2007.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1999.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. dan Jessic Blitt. Evidence: Links Among Environment, Population, and Scarcity. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1991.

Holsti, KJ. The State, War, and the State of War. UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

“Indonesia: Overcoming Murder and Chaos in Maluku.” ICG Asia Report, No. 10, December 19, 2000.

Kameyama, Yasuko et al (eds.), Climate Change in Asia: Perspective on the Future Climate Regime, New York: UN University, 2008.

“Kekerasan Horizontal di Indonesia,” Kompas, 2 Desember 2011.

”Kerusuhan: Ambon rusuh saat peringatan Pattimura,” Bisnis.jabar.com, 15 Mei 2012, diakses pada 27 Agustus 2012.

“Konflik Maluku Bisa Selesai oleh Orang Maluku Sendiri,” Suara Pembaruan, 20 Pebruari 2012: 14.

”Korban Meninggal Akibat Pertikaian di Galela Diperkirakan Ratusan Jiwa,” Antara, 31 Mei 2000, Muslims News World Online.

Maluku dalam Angka 2010, Pemkot Ambon, 2011.

Malut Post, 19 Juli 2011.

Mimbar Malut, 16 Juli 2011.

“Pemuda Dianiaya, Kota Ambon Memanas,” Papua Barat Pos, 19 Nopmeber 2011: 7.

“Penembakan Misterius Picu Bentrokan Susulan,” Kompas, 8 Maret 2012: 22

Ratnawati, Tri. Maluku dalam Catatan Seorang Peneliti. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2006.

McBeth, John and Dini Djalal. ”Tragic Island: Ambon Violence May Have Had Its Origins in Jakarta.” Far Eastern Economic Review, March 25, 1999.

Noorhaidi. Laskar Jihad, Islam, Militancy and the Quest for Identity in Post New Order Indonesia. Utrecht: Unversiteit Utrecht, 2005. Https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/13369/1/Dissertation+Noorhaidi.pdf, was accessed on May 5, 2010.

Pemkot Minta Amankan Sekolah, Pasar, dan Terminal,” Suara Maluku, 22 September 2011: 12.

“Pertumbuhan Penduduk Bebani Kota Ambon,” Suara Maluku, 22 September 2011: 12.

“Politik Identitas Picu Konflik,” Kompas, 2 Desember 2011: 2.

“RMS Menyelundupkan Amunisi,” 27 Juli 2000, MHI, http://jannah.itgo.com/ambon/22-30%20 juli 2000htm, diakses pada 7 Oktober 2011.

“Setelah Ambon Mana Lagi.” Panji Masyarakat, February 3, 1999.

Stephen Hoadley and Juergen Rueland (eds), Asian Security Reassessed, Singapore: ISEAS 2006.

Terry Terrif et al, Securities Studies Today, Cambridge: Poity Press, 2003.

Thomas Robert Malthus, dalam Geoffrey Gilbert (ed.) An essay on the principle of population, Oxford world’s classics. Oxford University Press, 1999.

Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. ”Economic Development, Migration, and Ethnic Conflict: A Preliminary Observation,” Sojourn, No. 2, 1997.

“Toleransi dari Maluku,” Business News, 8268, 13 Juni 2012.

“235 Warga Ambon Harus Direlokasi,” Suara Pembaruan, 5 Septemebr 2012.

Wawancara:

Wawancara dengan Sekda Kota Ternate, Isnain Ibrahim, di Ternate, pada 15 Juli 2011.

Wawancara dengan Abdul Kadir Bubu, Dosen FH Universitas Khairun, di Ternate, Provinsi Maluku Utara, pada 16 Juli 2011.

Wawancara dengan Mahmud Haji Umar, Dosen FH, Universitas Khairun, Ternate, Provinsi Maluku Utara, di Ternate pada tanggal 16 Juli 2011.

Wawancara dengan Dr. Marwan, SE, Msi, Dosen FE Universitas Khairun, Ternate, Provinsi Maluku Utara, di Ternate pada tanggal 16 Juli 2011.

Wawancara dengan Salmid Janidi, Dosen FH, Universitas Khairun, Ternate, Provinsi Maluku Utara, di Ternate pada tanggal 16 Juli 2011.

Wawancara dengan Kombes Nasan Hutahaen, Direktur Intelkam, Harianto Kabag Analisa Direktorat Intelkam, dan perwira intel Direktorat Intelkam Polda Maluku pada 20 September 2011 di Ambon.

Wawancara dengan Kol. Nazaruddin, Danrem 151/Binaiya, Provinsi Maluku pada 23 September 2011 di Ambon.

Copyright (c) 2016 Jurnal Politica Dinamika Masalah Politik Dalam Negeri dan Hubungan Internasional
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.