CAPAIAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INKLUSIF DAN KETIMPANGAN GENDER DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS PERSAMAAN SIMULTAN DATA PANEL

Sifa Rofatunnisa; Hardius Usman

doi:10.22212/jekp.v14i1.2530

CAPAIAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INKLUSIF DAN KETIMPANGAN GENDER DI INDONESIA: ANALISIS PERSAMAAN SIMULTAN DATA PANEL

Sifa Rofatunnisa, Hardius Usman

10.22212/jekp.v14i1.2530

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Abstract

Indonesia is still facing the problem of reducing poverty and income inequality which did not show significant changes during 2015- 2019. Achieving gender equality is one of the strategies that can help to achieve inclusive economic growth. Based on the Human Development Report, Indonesia is ranked 4th with the highest Gender Inequality Index in ASEAN countries. This study aims to analyze the impact of gender inequality in education and employment on achieving economic growth inclusiveness by analyzing the simultaneity pattern between four indicators of inclusive growth: economic growth, poverty rates, employment opportunities, and income inequality, in Indonesia during 2015-2019. The estimation method used in this study is EC2SLS. The pattern of simultanety gives the conclusion that economic growth in Indonesia is not yet inclusive. The estimation results show that the ratio of the average years of schooling of female to male and the average of women’s earnings significantly increases economic growth. The ratio of labor force participation rate significantly increases employment opportunities, the ratio of literacy rate significantly reduces poverty. The ratio of the gross participation rate at the tertiary level significantly reduces income inequality, the ratio of the net participation rate at the junior high school level significantly increases income inequality.

Keywords: inclusive economic growth, gender inequality, simultaneous equality, EC2SLS

Abstrak

Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah laju penurunan kemiskinan dan penurunan ketimpangan pendapatan yang tidak menunjukkan perubahan yang signifikan selama periode 2015-2019. Salah satu strategi yang dapat mendukung tercapainya pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif adalah dengan mewujudkan kesetaraan gender. Berdasarkan Human Development Report, Indonesia menempati peringkat ke-4 dengan Indeks Ketimpangan Gender tertinggi di negara-negara ASEAN. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak ketimpangan gender dalam pendidikan dan pekerjaan terhadap pencapaian inklusivitas pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan melihat pola simultanitas antara keempat indikator pertumbuhan inklusif, yaitu pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingkat kemiskinan, kesempatan kerja, dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia selama periode 2015-2019. Metode estimasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah EC2SLS (Error Component Two Stage Least Square). Pola simultanitas yang terjadi memberikan kesimpulan bahwa pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terjadi di Indonesia belum inklusif. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa rasio rata-rata lama sekolah perempuan terhadap laki-laki dan rata-rata upah perempuan signifikan meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Rasio tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan terhadap laki-laki signifikan meningkatkan kesempatan kerja dan rasio angka melek huruf perempuan terhadap laki-laki signifikan menurunkan kemiskinan. Rasio angka partisipasi kasar perempuan terhadap laki-laki di jenjang perguruan tinggi signifikan menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan. Rasio angka partisipasi murni perempuan terhadap laki-laki di jenjang pendidikan SMP signifikan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan.

Kata kunci: pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif, ketimpangan gender, persamaan simultan, EC2SLS

Keywords

inclusive economic growth; gender inequality; simultaneous equality; EC2SLS; pertumbuhan ekonomi inklusif; ketimpangan gender; persamaan simultan

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.22212/jekp.v14i1.2530