The Social Impact of Expanding the Indonesian Military Mandate on Counter-terrorism

Mansur Juned, Galby R Samhudi, Rangga A Akhli, Mohammad Teja

Abstract

The government has currently drafting and discussing a Presidential Regulation on expanding the Indonesian military mandate on combating terrorism. This regulation was proposed as an alternative to combat threats from growing terrorism in Indonesia and to strengthen anti-terrorism acts initiated by civil counter-terrorism institutions. This paper uses a literature study to observe the social implications of military involvement in counter-terrorism. The writers try to review the deployment of the military to combat terrorism, the counter-terrorism from civil counter-terrorism institutions, military involvement in counter-terrorism and its implications, as well as its implications on Indonesia’s social sector. It was concluded that the social impact of expanding the role of the TNI in counter-terror needs to be balanced with the community's wishes and redefine the meaning of extremism to avoid polemics in the community.


Abstrak

Saat ini pemerintah tengah melakukan penyusunan dan pembahasan Peraturan Presiden tentang perluasan tugas TNI dalam Mengatasi Aksi Terorisme. Upaya ini merupakan alternatif untuk menghadapi ancaman terorisme di Indonesia yang terus berkembang dan memperkuat proses penanggulangan terorisme yang telah dilakukan lembaga kontra-teror sipil. Oleh karena itu, dengan menggunakan metode studi pustaka, tulisan ini akan mencoba mengungkapkan implikasi sosial  dari keterlibatan militer dalam upaya kontra terorisme. Tulisan ini mengulas mengenai pengerahan militer dalam penanggulangan terorisme, upaya penanggulangan terorisme yang telah dilakukan lembaga kontra-teror sipil, gambaran pelibatan TNI dalam kontra-teror, implikasi perluasan pelibatan TNI dalam kontra-teror, dan implikasi dalam kehidupan sosial-kemasyarakatan Indonesia. Tulisan ini menyimpulkan bahwa dampak sosial perluasan peran TNI dalam kontra-teror perlu diimbangi dengan keinginan masyarakat serta mendefinisikan ulang arti dari ekstremisme agar tidak terjadi polemik di masyarakat.

 



Keywords

civil-military relations;, counter-terrorism; Indonesian military; security policy; hubungan sipil-militer; kebijakan keamanan; kontra-terorisme; Militer Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References

Ameliya, T. M. (2022, February 19). BNPT: Kiai-ulama berperan strategis gelorakan cinta Tanah Air. ANTARA News. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2713589/bnpt-kiai-ulama-berperan-strategis-gelorakan-cinta-tanah-air

Arif, M. (2018). Peran dan keterlibatan TNI dalam penanggulangan terorisme [Kertas Kebijakan]. The Habibie Center.

Bhwana, P. G. (2019, May 5). Indonesia`s Soft Approach to Counter Terrorism Threats. Tempo. https://en.tempo.co/read/1202168/indonesias-soft-approach-to-counter-terrorism-threats

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Eppright, C. T. (2014). Counterterrorism” and conventional military force: The relationship between political effect and utility. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 20(4), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/10576109708436045

Fahrizal, D. N. (2020). Observasi aspek hukum keterlibatan TNI dalam kontra terorisme. In CSIS Commentaries (Issue PSC-005). CSIS. https://csis.or.id/publications/observasi-aspek-hukum-keterlibatan-tni-dalam-kontra-terorisme

Fauzi. (2021, September 15). BNPT miliki duta damai di 13 provinsi - ANTARA News. Antaranews.com. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2394109/bnpt-miliki-duta-damai-di-13-provinsi

Fitri, A. (2019, August). Komando operasi khusus TNI dan penanganan terorisme di Indonesia. Info Singkat, XI(15), 25–30.

Freedman, L. (2005). Military responses. In P. R. Neumann (Ed.), The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism (Vol. 2, pp. 21–26). Club de Madrid. https://www.kimcampbell.com/sites/default/files/publications/CdM-Series-on-Terrorism-Vol-2.pdf

Greener, B. K. (2007). Liberalism and the use of force: Core themes and conceptual tensions. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 32(3), 295–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540703200302

Herbst, P., & Herbst, R. (2003). Talking terrorism: A dictionary of the loaded language of political violence. Greenwood Press.

Heywood, A. (2014). Global politics (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.

Hughes, G. (2011). The Military’s role in counter-terrorism: Examples and implications for liberal democracies. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.

Hui, J. Y. (2013, October 2). Counter-terrorism in Indonesia: Enter the TNI’s task force [Commentary]. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cens/2070-counter-terrorism-in-indonesia/#.YojECJNBwq0

Ihsan, R. (2019). Peran militer dalam kontra-terorisme di Indonesia. Deviance Jurnal Kriminologi, 3(1), 54–68.

Imran, R., Hasan, M., Johari, E., Sopar, P., Vidya, H., & Muhammad, A. (2018). The role and involvement of TNI in countering terrorism [Kertas Kebijakan]. The Habibie Center.

Jusi, I. I. (2019). Polemik hubungan TNI-Polri dalam kontra-terorisme di Indonesia. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 1(1), 49–60. https://doi.org/10.7454/jts.v1i1.1004

Keaney, T., & Rid, T. (2010). Understanding counterinsurgency. In T. Rid & T. Keaney (Eds.), Understanding counterinsurgency doctrine, operations, and challenges (pp. 1–8). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852378

Kortweg, R., Gohel, S., Heisbourg, F., Ranstorp, M., & de Wijk, R. (2010). Background contributing factors to terrorism: Radicalisation and recruitment. In M. Ranstorp (Ed.), Understanding violent radicalisation: Terrorist and jihadist movements in Europe (pp. 21–49). Routledge.

McCauley, C. (2009). War versus criminal justice in response to terrorism: The losing logic of torture. In W. G. K. Stritzke, S. Lewandowsky, D. Denemark, J. Clare, & F. Morgan (Eds.), Terrorism and torture (pp. 63–85). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511581199.005

Mengko, D. M. (2017). Pelibatan TNI dalam kontra terorisme di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 14(2), 193–204.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.

Nasser-Eddine, M., Garnham, B., Agostino, K., & Caluya, G. (2011). Countering violent extremism (CVE) literature review (Issue DSTO-TR-2522). Defence Science and Technology Organization. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA543686.pdf

Novianti, T., & Lase, N. B. (2021, June). Analisis Yuridis dampak kasus terorisme terhadap masyarakat Kabupaten Poso Sulawesi Tengah serta upaya penanggulangannya menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme. Petita, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.33373/pta.v3i1.3404

Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Pencegahan dan Penanggulangan Ektremisme Berbasis Kekerasan yang Mengarah pada Terorisme Tahun 2020–2024. (2021).

Santoso, B. (2021, January 21). PKS: Tafsir ekstremisme versi pemerintah di Perpres RAN PE berbahaya. Suara.com. https://www.suara.com/news/2021/01/21/093142/pks-tafsir-ekstremisme-versi-pemerintah-di-perpres-ran-pe-berbahaya

Satana, N. S., & Demirel-Pegg, T. (2020). Military counterterrorism measures, civil-military relations, and democracy: The cases of Turkey and the United States. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 43(9), 815–836. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2018.1499696

Schmid, A. (Ed.). (2011). The Routledge handbook of terrorism research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828731

Schmid, A. P. (1988). Political terrorism—A research guide to concepts, theories, data bases and literature. North-Holland.

Sen, S. (1991). Role of the army in combating terrorism. The Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles, 64(1), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X9106400109

Thea, A. (2020a, June 11). Akhiri polemik pelibatan TNI tangani terorisme, ketentuan ini perlu dicabut. Hukumonline. https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/akhiri-polemik-pelibatan-tni-tangani-terorisme--ketentuan-ini-perlu-dicabut-lt5ee0d0420950a

Thea, A. (2020b, July 16). Draf perpres pelibatan TNI tangkal terorisme diusulkan memuat 7 prinsip ini. Hukumonline. Retrieved July 18, 2022, from https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/draf-perpres-pelibatan-tni-tangkal-terorisme-diusulkan-memuat-7-prinsip-ini-lt5f0f232258cb7

Triskaputri, R. M. (2019). Pelibatan militer dalam upaya penanggulangan terorisme di Indonesia. Journal of Terrorism Studies, 1(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.7454/jts.v1i1.1005

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme Menjadi Undang-Undang. (2003).

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 Tentang Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia. (2002).

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 34 Tahun 2004 Tentang Tentara Nasional Indonesia. (2004).

Wijayaka, B. (2020, July 30). BNPT: Ulama miliki peran besar dalam mencegah radikalisme. Beritasatu.com. https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/671097/bnpt-ulama-miliki-peran-besar-dalam-mencegah-radikalisme

Wille, P. J. (2012). Operational art of counter-terrorism. BiblioScholar.

Wulansari, E. M. (2017). Urgensi keterlibatan Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) dalam penanggulangan aksi terorisme. Proceedings Universitas Pamulang, 2(1), 219–248. http://openjournal.unpam.ac.id/index.php/Proceedings/article/view/771/636


DOI: https://doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v13i1.2987

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.