Education and Women’s Job Transition During the Pandemic Covid-19

Nugrahayu Suryaningrum, Arif Maulana

Abstract

Pandemi Covid-19 berdampak pada penurunan ekonomi yang mengakibatkan penurunan jam kerja bahkan kehilangan pekerjaan. Akan tetapi, terdapat peningkatan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan yang disertai dengan penyerapan tenaga kerja di sektor informal. Banyak perempuan mulai bekerja untuk menambah penghasilan keluarga. Sektor informal menjadi pilihan perempuan karena kemudahan dan tidak memerlukan keahlian khusus. Pendidikan sebagai modal yang dimiliki pekerja mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pilihan memasuki pekerjaan sehingga menentukan transisi pekerjaan yang akan dipilih pekerja dalam menghadapi dampak pandemi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pendidikan terhadap reaksi ekonomi perempuan dalam mengatasi pandemi Covid-19 dengan melihat transisi pekerjaan perempuan dan apakah pengaruh tersebut sama pada perempuan muda dan dewasa. Dengan menggunakan data Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional 2020 dan metode analisis regresi logistik multinomial terhadap 26.087 sampel yang terdiri dari 8.407 perempuan usia muda dan 17.680 perempuan dewasa serta 6.902 perempuan yang melakukan inmover formal, 16.472 perempuan inmover informal, dan 2713 perempuan outmover, ditemukan bahwa perempuan dengan pendidikan tinggi memiliki peluang lebih besar untuk melakukan inmover ke sektor formal dan lebih kecil kemungkinannya untuk melakukan inmover ke sektor informal dibandingkan menjadi pengangguran. Peluang untuk melakukan transisi ke sektor formal lebih tinggi di kalangan perempuan muda. Pada perempuan dewasa, peluang tersebut lebih rendah karena tanggung jawab dalam pengasuhan anak dan pekerjaan rumah tangga. Selain pendidikan, perempuan kawin dan menjadi kepala rumah tangga lebih berpeluang untuk melakukan transisi ke sektor informal karena kemudahan memasuki pekerjaan dengan kendala yang mereka miliki dalam rangka meningkatkan pendapatan di masa pandemi Covid-19.

 

Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the economic downturn, which has resulted in decreased working hours and even lost jobs. However, there has been an increase in women’s labor force participation accompanied by employment in the informal sector. Many women start working to supplement their family income. The informal sector is the choice of women because of its convenience and does not require special skills. Education as capital owned by workers influences the choice of entering a job, determining the job transition workers will choose in dealing with the impact of the pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effect of education on women’s economic reactions in overcoming the Covid-19 pandemic by looking at women’s work transitions and whether this effect is the same for young and adult women. Using data from the 2020 National Labor Force Survey and the multinomial logistic regression analysis method for 26,087 samples consisting of 8,407 young women and 17,680 adult women as well as 6,902 women who were formal inmover, 16,472 women who were informal inmovers, and 2713 women who were outmovers, it was found that women with higher education tend to enter formal jobs and are less likely to enter informal jobs than become unemployed. The increased propensity to enter formal employment is higher among young women. In adult women, the tendency to work is lower because of childcare and household responsibilities. Apart from education, women who are married and heads of households are more likely to enter the informal sector due to the ease of entering work with the constraints they have to increase their income during the Covid-19 pandemic

Keywords

transisi pekerjaan; perempuan; pendidikan; multinomial; covid-19logit; adult women; education; job transition; young women

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v14i2.3334

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